THE 10^TH HOW IT ALL BEGAN

Earl E. Clark (87-HQ-1)

Recently a copy of a letter written in1955 by Minnie Dole was discovered, telling the story of the "birth of the mountain and winter warfare soldier" in great depth. It also explains the decisions that led to the building of Camp Hale. The letter has now been given to our Resource Center at the Denver Public Library. Here in brief is the story that Minnie told. His quotes are shown in italics. It starts with the following:

Events began taking shape in 1938 when I was given the responsibility of organizing the National Ski Patrol System. One night in late 1939 or early 1940, Alec Bright of Boston, Roger Langley and I were together with a hot rum or two and the discussion led to the phenomenal job the Finns were doing on the Karelian Isthmus in crucifying the Russians. A perfect example of men fighting in an environment with which they were entirely at home and for which they were trained.

With deep concern for our country this small group of men began a dedicated effort to convince the Army and the War Department that winter skilled and trained troops were an absolute necessity. They were met initially with total indifference. Those in authority were just not interested. They recognized, however, that there was a possibility of a North American invasion by Hitler should he succeed in Europe - probably via the old invasion route, the St. Lawrence River Valley between the United States and Canada. Quoting again from Minnie's letter:

We came home from Washington and for the next month made a search for every bit of information, pictures and material that we could find about mountain and winter troops in foreign countries. We put all of our findings in a huge scrapbook.

A staff general who had listened to the group told them that "they were wasting their time unless they could get to see General Marshall. Minnie then sought the assistance of an Aide to the Secretary of War. Minnie wrote:

He promised us nothing but late that afternoon a wire came saying our appointment with Marshall was the next morning at ten a.m. We were introduced to him on the dot of our appointment. We sensed a quick and decisive decision one way or another… From that moment on the wheels began to turn. Our trips to Washington were frequent in those days.

The whole subject of training and equipment was then explored. The Army thought that their "Alaskan Equipment" could be used but a Quartermaster search revealed that no such equipment existed any longer. The Army's book on Alaska, in fact, was dated 1914. It became immediately obvious that a completely new start had to be made. In early October 1941, a letter was sent to General Marshall - a desperation "last move." Suddenly, on October 20 General Marshall and the Secretary notified Minnie "that on November 15, 1941, the 87th Infantry Mountain Regiment, the first Mountain Regiment in our Army history, would be activated." Again quoting from Minnie's letter:

The result was what counted and past worries were forgotten. For a long time we labored under the delusion that our letter had turned the trick. It perhaps helped for it arrived almost simultaneously with a report from one of our attachés in the Embassy in Rome detailing the debacle of the Italian winter campaign in Albania: "ten thousand frozen to death - 25,000 dead - if a global war is contemplated or envisioned men must be trained in mountain and winter warfare and time is of the essence as these troops cannot be trained overnight." The activation of the 87th was a little less than one month later - 22 days before Pearl Harbor!

Because what had been created was totally new and different, the Army encountered many problems, including who would be named to command the Regiment. They chose Colonel Onslow Rolfe, a crack cavalryman, to take on the difficult assignment. They also established an equipment team of experts who gathered quickly and a much-needed new start was made. From Minnie:

Plans to expand the 87th to a Division were in embryo. The War Department was looking for a site. Their need was mountains, a trunk highway and railroad and one and one half million gallons of water a day. They chose Pando, Colorado. We argued against it due to the altitude but the die was cast.

With these decisions made, getting the men came next. The War Department asked Minnie to "help us get them." They asked for 2,500 in 60 days - Minnie provided 3,500! The source was the National Ski Patrol System that had become active in every winter area in the United States. Again, in Minnie's own words:

At this point came those three letters of recommendation. They still give me nightmares! But consider our predicament. Never had the Army had a civilian recruiting agency. We had to give them evidence of a sound procedure.

Minnie's letter then covered two additional matters of great interest to us:

One morning I was sitting with General Hyssong in Washington and he was telling me about the terrific guy that Marshall had chosen and whom he was recalling from Europe to take command. As he talked the door opened and a lean, human looking guy walked in. Hyssong jumped up and said "George, what the hell are you doing here?" George replied "Oh, just stopping in for orders." It was General George Hays. I was introduced and I looked at the guy and said "General, I'd give my eye teeth to have ten minutes alone with you." He replied "What's the hurry. I'll give you twenty." So we went into another room and without mental preparation, I did my best to tell him what I could about the division he was about to command. Being the great guy he was, is now, and always will be, he listened attentively and you know the rest.

Just prior to meeting General Hays, Minnie sought and obtained another interview with General Marshall. He asked the General why we had been kept in training so very long. Marshall answered: "Dole, I have only one mountain division. If I commit it at point X and it turns out a month later that I need it much more at point Y, I can't get it there. My problems with transportation are too great." Minnie ended his letter with the following comment:

In your fighting days you were all members of one unit. You still are, no matter what part of the country you reside in. In your Association deliberations I hope you will make it one strong cohesive unit. In unity lies strength and the weight of your united opinion may be very valuable in times to come.

Minnie, we took your advice.

Compiled by John Imbrie
Vice President for Data Acquisition and Research,
National Association of the 10th Mountain Division, Inc.

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Chronology of the 10th Mountain Division (709k)

SOURCES

Barr, James, "The Attack on Mt. Belvedere, Italy, February 19, 1945," 46 pages, 2000. Available at the

Denver Public Library.

Black, Andy and Hampton, Chuck, "The 10th RECON/MTG," 2nd Edition, 1998, 115 pages.

Brooks, Thomas R., "10th Mountain Division History," in 10th Mountain Division, Turner Publishing Co,

Padukah, KY, pages 14-47, 1998.

______, "The War North of Rome," Sarpedon, NY, 1996, 421 pages.

Carlson, Robert, "A History of L Company, 86th Mountain Infantry, 16 pages, 2000.

Crider, Earl, Letter to Ray Zelina recording events in the history of the 604th, dated 27 Jan 2001.

Cupp, Marshall, "Wartime Diary Recalls 605 FA Trek from Camp Carson to Camp Hale,"Blizzard",

2nd Quarter 1991, p. 5.

Dole, Charles Minot, "The Birth and Growth of the 10th Mountain Division" a 100-page notebook

containing letters and memoranda assembled by Minot Dole and deposited at the

10th Mtn Division Resource Center, Denver Public Library.

______, "Adventures in Skiing," Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, 1965.

Dusenbery, Harris, "The North Apennines and Beyond, with the 10th Mtn Division", Binford & Mort

Publishing Co., 1998.

Earle, George F. , "History of the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, Italy, 1945," 215 pages, 1945.

______, "Birth of a Division," Signature Publications, Inc., Syracuse, NY, 34 pages, 1995.

Fisher, Ernest F., Jr., "Cassino to the Alps," The U.S. Army in World War II, The Mediterranean Theater

of Operations, Center of Military History, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C., 1993, 584 pages.

Frank, Richard B., "Downfall: The end of the Imperial Japanese Empire," Random House, 484 pages, 1999.

Govan, Capt. Thomas P., "History of the Tenth Light Division (Alpine)," Study 28, Historical Section,

Army Ground Forces, 14 pages, 1946.

______, "Training in Mountain and Winter Warfare," Study 23, Historical Section,

Army Ground Forces, 18 pages, 1946.

Hampton, Lt. Col. Henry J., "The Riva Ridge Operation," a report written in June 1945 by its commander,

in Dusenberry's The North Apennines and Beyond, pp. 177-200, 1998.

Hauptman, Charles M., "Combat History of the 10th Mountain Division," 76 pages, 1977.

Hays, Gen. George P., "Personal Memoirs of Lt. General George Price Hays, 1892-1978 ", on file at the

Resource Center at the Denver Public Library. The story of General Hays' meeting with General

Truscott is taken from this source.

Imbrie, John and Evans, Hugh M., "Good Times and Bad Times, a History of C Company, 85th Mountain

Infantry Regiment, Tenth Mountain Division," Vermont Heritage Press, Queechee VT, 390 pages, 1995.

Kerekes, Carl D., "Company B — 85th Regiment, 10th Mountain Division — U.S. Army, Recollections,

77 pages, 2000.

Leich, Jeffrey R., "Tales of the 10th: The Mountain Troops and American Skiing," New England Ski

Museum Newsletter, Winter 2001 Issue, Franconia, NH, pp 1-19.

Lunday, Philip A. and Hampton, Charles M., "The Tramway Builders," 127 pages, 1994.

MacDonald, Kenneth, "Memories from Company L, 85th Infantry Regiment, Tenth Mountain Infantry

Division, from December 20, 1944 to April 14, 1945," 122 pp. Original 1983 edition revised in 2000;

available at the Denver Public Library.

MacDonald, Robert W., "Charles Minot Dole, 1899-1976," an 11-page biography on file at the 10th Mtn

Division Resource Center in the Denver Public Library, 1989.

Madej, W. Victor, "The U.S. Army Order of Battle: Mediterranean and Europe, 1942-1945," Game

Publishing Co, Allentown, PA, 186 pp, 1984.

Morning Reports and Payroll Rosters of many companies and batteries, obtained from microfilm records

stored at the National Personnel Records Center at St. Louis.

Regimental and Division records of many kinds, housed at the National Archives, College Park, Maryland

and at the Division's Resource Center at the Denver Public Library.

Starr, Lt. Col. Chester G. , "From Salerno to the Alps, A History of the Fifth Army 1943-1945," The

Battery Press, Nashville, 1986, 529 pages.

Templeton, Kenneth S., Jr., "The Last Days of Col. William O. Darby: an Eye-witness Account," Army

History, Washington, DC, Spring 1998, pp. 1-2.

10th Light Division General Order No. 1, "Activation of the 10th Light Division, Camp Hale, Colorado,

15 July 1943."

10th Light Division General Order No. 37, "Reorganization of the 10th Light as the 10th Mountain Division,

Camp Swift, Texas, 6 November 1944."

Truscott, Lt. General L. K. Jr. "Command Missions." E. P. Dutton and Company, 1954. Reprinted in

1990 by Presidio Press, Novato, California. A fascinating view of how decisions at the top were

made during the time the 10th served in Italy.

von Senger und Etterlin, Gen. Frido, "Neither Fear nor Hope," E. P. Dutton, NY, 1964, 368 pages.

Webb, Charles W., "A History of the 616th Field Artillery Battalion (Pack)," 378 pages, 12 appendices,

1996.

Wellborn, Charles T., "History of the 86th Mountain Infantry Regiment." 92 pages, 1989.

Wondolowski, Col. Peter S. "History of the IV Corps, 1944-45." Unpublished MS on file at the

U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA. This source contains the only official record of

the first attacks on Mt. Belvedere, in November and December 1944.

Woodruff, Capt. John B., "The 85th Mountain Infantry Regimental History," 97 pages, November 1945.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to these former comrades-in-arms who gave earlier drafts of this document critical readings, spotted errors, added material, and sent me copies of documents I had not seen: Thomas R. Brooks, Pete Clark, Martin L. Daneman, George F. Earle, Hugh W. Evans, H. Newcomb Eldredge, Philip A. Lunday, William O. Gall, Kenneth A. MacDonald, Robert W. MacDonald, Scollay Parker, and Maurice Murphy. An article by ski historian Jeffrey R. Leich was very helpful in tracing the development of the early Divisional Ski Patrols. Debbie Gemar was tireless in researching archives at the Denver Public Library's 10th Mountain Division Resource Center. Armand Casini, who drew the maps used in this chronology, was a draftsman in Division Headquarters. After the war he had a distinguished career as an architect.

Any remaining errors are the author's responsibility alone and should be reported to him via the Webmaster of this site.

INFANTRY CASUALTIES IN ITALY

10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION CASUALTIES IN ITALY

Total casualties. On January 6, 1945, the 10th Mountain Division suffered its first casualties in Italy when seven men were killed by mines in Quercianella, near Livorno. By the time the war in Italy ended, on May 2, the division had suffered a total of 4837 casualties - 975 killed, 3849 wounded, and 12 taken prisoner.

Casualty percentages. Of the 19,734 men who served in the 10th Mountain Division in Italy, including 5,500 replacements, 25% became casualties. Of these, 20% were wounded and 5% killed. More than 30% of the men in our three infantry regiments who landed in Naples became casualties; your Database Committee is now working to obtain an accurate figure.

Casualty rate. The average casualty rate was 1209/month, for four months.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER INFANTRY DIVISIONS
Ten other U.S. infantry divisions fought in Italy. Of these the highest number of casualties were suffered by the 34th Infantry division.

Figures for the 34th and 88th Divisions are from W. Victor Madej, 1984, "The U.S. Army Order of Battle: Mediterranean and Europe, 1942-1945", Rhoads Press, Allentown, PA. Other data from the 10th Mountain Division's WW II Database. Compiled by John Imbrie, 5/1/02.

A Brief History of Company D

by
Philip A. Lunday and Charles M. Hampton

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The Tramway Builders (6.3 Mb)

Lt. Col. Henry J. Hampton, commander 1st Battalion 86th Mountain Infantry, planned and carried out the attack on Riva Ridge. In June 1945, he wrote a report on the attack — which is one of the most important and fascinating historical documents we have on the 10th's campaign in Italy.

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Riva Ridge Report (1.8 Mb)